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Background and objective : Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a complex disease defined by the loss of pancreatic cells, which leads to complete insulin insufficiency. The Diabetes Control and Problems Trial defines the aims of Type 1 diabetes therapy as achieving adequate glycaemic control and preventing and avoiding recurrent bouts of hypoglycaemia. Despite ongoing efforts to improve insulin therapy regimens, the actual hormone substitute therapy treats just the symptoms of the disease, with no influence on disease pathology or etiopathogenesis. In recent decades, there has been a lot of interest in preventative techniques in high-risk patients, based on the theory that if a therapeutic intervention is adopted early in the disease, it can help maintain endogenous cell function by protecting the remaining cell reservoir from autoimmune attack. Authors : Prajakta Kashalikar , Shivani Desai , Avinash Sanap, Madhura Shekatkar, Ramesh Bhonde Journal : Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allerg

Abstract : Insulin is a peptide hormone released by pancreatic beta cells. An autoimmune reaction in diabetes mellitus type 1 causes the beta cells to die, preventing insulin from being produced or released into the bloodstream which impacts 30 million people globally and is linked to shortened lifespan due to acute and chronic repercussions. Insulin therapy aims to replicate normal pancreatic insulin secretion, which includes low levels of insulin that are always present to support basic metabolism, as well as the two-phase secretion of additional insulin in response to high blood sugar - an initial spike in secreted insulin, followed by an extended period of continued insulin secretion. This is performed by combining various insulin formulations that work at varying rates and for different lengths of time. Since the beginning of human insulin use, several advances in insulin formulations have been made to help meet these aims as much as possible, resulting in improved glycaemic contr

Abstract : Several cellular and molecular therapies such as stem cell therapy, cell replacement therapy, gene modification therapy and tolerance induction therapy have been researched to procure a permanent cure for Type 1 Diabetes. However, due to the induction of undesirable side effects, their clinical utility is questionable. These anti-diabetic therapies can be modified with nanotechnological tools for reducing adverse effects by selectively targeting genes and/or receptors involved directly or indirectly in diabetes pathogenesis such as the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, human leukocyte antigen [HLA] gene, miRNA gene and hepatocyte growth factor [HGF] gene. This paper will review the utilities of nanotechnology in stem cell therapy, cell replacement therapy, beta-cell proliferation strategies, immune tolerance induction strategies and gene therapy for type 1 diabetes management. Journal : Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Keywords : Autoimmunity

Abstract : Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease, involves the destruction of pancreatic β cells. β cells maintain glucose homeostasis by identifying blood glucose and accordingly releasing insulin in order to maintain normal physiologic glucose levels. Human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cells posture a lesser risk of viral contamination as there is low placental transmission during prenatal life. Additionally, they have advantages such as non-invasive harvest procedure gynaecological waste, low immunogenicity, easy expansion in-vitro, and easy ethical access as compared to deriving stem cells from other sources. According to the published preclinical data infusion of autologous cord blood cells is considered to be safe as they are non-antigenic. Depending on the degree of differentiation, the ability to regenerate themselves, and the origin of many stem cell types can be differentiated. The application of stem cells (SCs) embraces the great potential for the management

Abstract : Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease, involves destruction of pancreatic β cells. β cells maintains glucose homeostasis by identifying blood glucose and accordingly releasing insulin in order to maintain normal physiologic glucose levels. Human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cells posture a lesser risk of viral contamination as there is low placental transmission during prenatal life. Additionally, they have advantages such as non-invasive harvest procedure gynecological waste, low immunogenicity, easy expansion in-vitro, and easy ethical access as compared to deriving stem cells from other sources. According to the published preclinical data infusion of autologous cord blood cells is considered to be safe as they are non-antigenic. Depending on the degree of differentiation, the ability to regenerate themselves, and the origin of many stem cell types can be differentiated. The application of stem cells (SCs) embraces great potential for the management of T1DM

I recently delivered a lecture at Masters Certificate Course in Diabetic Pharmacotherapy (MCCDP), hosted by CliMed Research Solutions on the topic of 'Pathophysiology and Pharmacology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus'. Special thanks to Dr Ajit Singh for this opportunity!  Understanding the disease's pathophysiology can help in managing it better. The following video is a deep dive into this approach.  For more videos and discussions on T1DM, visit: https://www.t1dm.org For queries or feedback, email info@t1dm.org or simply leave a comment below.